Seeing whether strategies to aim for a healthy weight are effective in real-world settings, such as communities, schools, and work sites. The Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases Lab seeks to understand how obesity induces metabolic disorders. The NHLBI Division of Cardiovascular Sciences supports research on how overweight and obesity relate to heart disease and research on interventions to reduce or maintain body weight and reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science supports the translation and implementation of research, including obesity research, into clinical practice. The Division of Lung Diseases and its National Center for Sleep Disorders Research supports research on sleep and sleep disorders, including the interplay between obesity and lifestyle and sleep disorders such as sleep apnea. The recently completed Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study OPACH used wearable devices to discover characteristics of physical activity important for maintenance of cardiovascular health in older women.
The Primary Care Pediatrics Learning Activity and Nutrition With Families PLAN studies the effect of a behavioral weight control intervention in centralized primary care settings for children, their parents, and siblings who are overweight or obese. This trial will provide important information regarding the effectiveness of using a family-based treatment for childhood obesity in primary care settings.
Interventions target home, school, community youth organizations, and primary care settings for children who live in low income and ethnically diverse neighborhoods. The goal is to prevent obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk factors in children. These studies included families and a variety of demographic groups. A key finding from one study focuses on the importance of targeting psychological factors in obesity treatment.
Findings from this study suggest that the amount, kind, and duration of community programs and policies makes a meaningful difference in childhood obesity. NHLBI-funded population studies are also collecting data on obesity, nutrition, and physical activity. For example, the Framingham Heart Study identified common factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease across generations.
A: Most adults with type 2 diabetes have overweight or obesity, and people with diabetes have an increased risk of health conditions including cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Losing weight can help to improve blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood fats, including cholesterol and triglycerides.
Although behavioral weight loss treatment may not necessarily reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, it does have many additional health benefits in people with diabetes. Some people with type 1 diabetes may also have overweight or obesity and benefit from weight loss.
They will need to work closely with their physician to determine the safest way for them to manage their weight while also controlling their blood glucose and avoiding hypoglycemia. Q: The USPSTF recommends that for adults with a body mass index of 30 or greater, health care professionals should offer intensive, multicomponent behavioral interventions.
What does this entail? A: Behavioral interventions for weight management provide a series of skills to help people lose weight and maintain weight loss. These interventions can target diet and physical activity as well as stress and sleep. Examples of behavioral interventions include self-monitoring of diet and physical activity, goal setting, help with problem solving and social support, and preventing relapse. Multicomponent behavioral interventions can be provided in groups or individually, and they can be provided in-person, on the telephone, or online.
The most effective programs are of high intensity, which has been defined as 14 sessions or more over 6 months. Q: Few physicians have the time to provide a multicomponent behavioral intervention, so what should they do?
A: Health care professionals with the skills and the time may offer these treatments themselves, but many will want to refer to other providers or programs. Interventions can be provided by other health professionals such as registered dietitians or nurses, psychologists, exercise specialists, or even trained laypeople.
Intensive multicomponent behavioral treatment can be provided in specialized programs in medical settings, community-based programs, or even commercial programs that have published research showing evidence of their effectiveness. Weight loss even appears to be more effective than exercise when it comes to improving your health, at least among people who are already overweight. One study published in compared an aerobic exercise program to a weight loss program in overweight men at risk for cardiovascular disease.
The men who lost weight had a greater improvement in their risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as their cholesterol levels and blood sugar levels than the aerobic exercise group 7.
This should underscore the importance of sticking to a weight loss program. You need to lose the weight, too. Weight loss can help improve mental health.
Most people think of weight loss as primarily oriented at improving physical health. However, improvements in mental health are a perhaps lesser-known benefit of successful weight loss.
A study published in that analyzed the first phase of an experimental trial for weight loss in nearly obese people was able to demonstrate a significant correlation between weight loss and improvements in symptoms of depression 8.
A study on a weight loss program in overweight and obese men in Australia analyzed men who had depression at baseline and tracked their progress across the course of the study 9.
These findings suggest that weight loss, even in moderate amounts, can be a powerful way to improve mental health. One advantage of a commercial weight loss program is that you mitigate your risk of side effects when compared with a diet cobbled together yourself.
When you restrict your caloric intake, or cut out specific food groups, you do run the risk of having nutritional deficiencies, especially when it comes to micronutrients. Cutting out fatty foods, for example, could have the inadvertent effect of causing your omega-3 fatty acid intake to plummet, which could increase your long-term risk for cardiovascular disease More acute nutritional deficiencies can be a problem as well.
Considerable wisdom can be gained in this regard from extreme cases—patients who have had gastric bypass surgery and lost large amounts of weight as a result of their substantial decrease in caloric intake.
According to a medical report by Dr. Jacqueline Alvarez-Leite, nutritional deficiencies in iron, calcium , vitamin D , and vitamin B12 are all commonly encountered in bariatric surgery patients, and the deficiency is often proportional to the amount of weight lost Fortunately, reputable weight loss programs have nutritionists on staff to ensure that the diets that they recommend contain the necessary micronutrients you need. A daily multivitamin, or a targeted supplementation plan that includes these nutrients, should be sufficient to combat this problem.
A: To lose weight quickly, whether you want to drop several pounds in a week or much more over the course of a month, very low energy diets are the best way to accomplish this goal. One study found they were twice as effective as a standard behavioral intervention, even after one year of follow-up A: Women tend to have more success than men when it comes to losing weight and maintaining it.
One study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggests a possible explanation The study tested the effects of no intervention, an exercise-only intervention, and a diet-only intervention.
Interestingly, only the diet was effective: working out had no benefit on weight loss. Men might be more inclined to think that working out alone will help them lose weight, without changing their dietary patterns. As such, a weight loss program that takes a more realistic examination of dietary patterns, like the Mayo Clinic Diet or the Atkins Diet, might be good choices for men looking to lose weight.
A: Based on the latest assessment of the scientific research, Jenny Craig is the most successful weight loss program in terms of the percentage of weight lost compared to a control intervention. It leads to nearly five percent more weight lost as a percentage of body weight than control interventions. The advantage over programs like Weight Watchers 2. Pretty much any good commercial weight loss program is going to have better success than going it alone if you stick to it, though.
A: We based our rankings on some of the best scientific work on what diet programs work. A review published in portrays the current state of research on weight loss programs Across 45 studies, WW weight watchers and Jenny Craig are consistently top performers, with the Atkins Diet, Nutrisystem, and Zone Diet also having research supporting their efficacy, though not to quite the same degree as Nutrisystem our top pick and WW.
Despite this possible limitation, these rankings still represent the best modern science has to say on what weight loss programs actually work. A: Most weight loss programs make it extremely easy to sign up and begin. A: Healthy weight loss programs can incorporate a wide range of dietary patterns, but they all tend to be high in the foods you already know are healthy. Surprisingly, the popular wisdom that aggressive low-calorie diets are less healthy is not supported by the scientific research—very low calorie diets actually tend to fare better in the long run, compared to more moderate diets with slight energy deficits A: Given the very high rate of attrition i.
From the research done so far, a few factors stick out. E-mail: ude. Copyright Institute of Geriatric Cardiology. The work must be attributed back to the original author and commercial use is not permitted without specific permission. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract The goal of this paper is to review the evidence related to the effect of plant-based dietary patterns on obesity and weight loss, including both observational and intervention trials.
Table 1. Definitions of diet terms and example meals. However, red meat and poultry and fairly limited Black-eyed peas and brown rice with low-fat turkey sausage, chopped tomatoes, roasted peppers, and reduced fat cheddar cheese.
Side salad Omnivorous diet omni Contains all food groups Black-eyed peas and brown rice with low-fat sausage, chopped tomatoes, roasted peppers, and reduced fat cheddar cheese. Side salad. Open in a separate window. Observational studies Several epidemiological studies have examined differences in body weight based on dietary patterns.
Intervention studies Two recent meta-analyses of clinical trials assessing PBDs and weight loss found significant weight loss among participants prescribed a PBDs.
Diet quality, adherence, and acceptability of PBDs 4. Diet adherence Adherence to PBDs appears to be similar to most other therapeutic dietary approaches. Limitations of current PBDs weight loss intervention research 5. Use of health behavior theory to promote dietary behavioral change Public health interventions that use social and behavioral health theories to inform trial design and delivery are considered more effective than those that lack a clear theoretical base, since health theories can be generalized to other programs to provide insight and strategies for designing an effective intervention.
Need for public health approaches to scale-up interventions The majority of PBDs weight loss interventions have relied on a group-based delivery model with group meetings held on a weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly basis. Reproducing study delivery methods in future studies There is a general underreporting of the delivery methods and intervention materials used in PBDs clinical weight loss trials, which makes replicating specific strategies challenging for researchers.
Considerations for an older population 6. Nutrients to emphasize among older adults following PBDs for weight loss PBDs can provide adequate nutrition at all stages of the lifecycle including older adults. Limitations and future directions While there is a wealth of both observational and intervention research around the use of PBDs for weight loss, there are still several areas that require future research.
References 1. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the united states, — Campbell RK. Type 2 diabetes: where we are today: an overview of disease burden, current treatments, and treatment strategies. J Am Pharm Assoc. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines.
Arch Intern Med. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. Blackburn G. Effect of degree of weight loss on health benefits. Obes Res. Benefits of sustained moderate weight loss in obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Macronutrient content of the diet: what do we know about energy balance and weight maintenance?
Curr Obes Rep.
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